Information Related to ""The War to End All Wars""
| Audio/Video |
|
Milos Tonchevski/Unsplash
My father served in World War II. He brought home a lot of baggage, some emotional and some literal -- old uniforms, medals, maps and lots of pictures.
I remember once picking up his service Bible and opening it to find a poppy pressed between sheets of wax paper.
"Where did you get this?" I asked.
"In Flanders field," he replied, and he began to recite the sobering poem written during the First World War.
In Flanders fields the poppies blow> Between the crosses, row on row,> That mark our place; and in the sky> The larks, still bravely singing, fly> Scarce heard amid the guns below.
I was taken aback as I heard the words pour out of his heart. This was the only poem I ever heard him speak. It must have been deeply meaningful to my dad for him to commit this poem to memory.
"In Flanders Fields" is a haunting war poem about the dead speaking to the living, pleading not to be forgotten. To study the poem closely you hear the dead saying to the living:
Take up our quarrel with the foe:> To you from failing hands we throw> The torch; be yours to hold it high.> If ye break faith with us who die> We shall not sleep, though poppies grow> In Flanders fields.
Listen closely. The dead are urging the living on toward more fighting and, tragically, more death.
As a child I remember veterans wearing artificial poppies on the streets of my hometown each Nov. 11. I have one of these in my office, purchased in Canada a few years ago. I look at the poppy not as a pro-war symbol, but as a poignant reminder of the folly and tragedy of war, especially World War I.
The ultimate sacrifice made by all the war dead from all time should cause us to consider both the causes and the legacy of war.
As we begin, let's consider a new definition of terms. It has been customary to refer to the war that began in 1914 as World War I, having supposedly concluded in 1918, and the next world war of 1939-1945 as World War II. Yet to properly understand what began in 1914 we should consider using a term coined by some historians, "the Long European War."
This decades-long conflict in effect began in 1914 and lasted until 1989 with the end of what has been called the Cold War. We are still living with the effects of the events of this 75-year span today. I will use the terms interchangeably in this article, but keep in mind that the world wars of the 20th century are better viewed as one continuous war with temporary truces at intervals.
The Great War was a voracious killing machine. Millions of soldiers and civilians died! Yet horribly, the armistice of 1918 did not end the killing.
Let's first consider the human cost of this long conflict's first phase known as World War I or the Great War -- which many then called "the war to end all wars." When the guns fell silent on Nov. 11, 1918, some 9 million soldiers were dead. An additional 21 million were wounded, many maimed for life. It was impossible to tally the additional millions of civilians who died of starvation or disease.
For 52 horrendous months this war was a voracious killing machine. Germany alone lost a man virtually every second of the war.
But the armistice didn't end the killing. Russia tore itself apart with a civil war leading to a Communist dictatorship that resulted in tens of millions killed over the next 20 years. The war was also a major factor in the great influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 that killed between 20 and 50 million people worldwide, far more than the war itself killed.
The armistice brought an end to the killing, but it did not bring peace. One of the most revealing books on this subject is David Fromkin's A Peace to End All Peace (1989). Fromkin focuses on the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the war's impact on the Middle East, particularly the creation of its modern political divisions at the Paris Peace Conference, held in 1919-1922 by the victor nations.
Understanding the story of how the nations of Syria, Jordan and Iraq were formed is to understand much of the current conflicts impacting this region today. As the book title says, the aftermath of this fighting did not bring peace to the Middle East. Instead it perpetuated conflict.
For hundreds of years the Ottoman Empire kept a fragile peace in the Middle East. I use the term "peace" in the sense that a centralized autocratic government can by brute force impose order over a region with deep ethnic and tribal loyalties. In spite of the peoples' common religion (Islam) and common language (Arabic), there were, and are, deeply divisive issues perpetuating conflict.
But with victory in the war, Great Britain and the other Allies forever ended Turkish rule of the Middle East. In its place they created countries similar to those of Europe but without local agreement. The geographic lines of the new states were drawn without adequate understanding of the ethnic and religious tensions.
As an example, look at the lines of the state of Jordan. You see straight lines, some almost at right angles to each other, with no connection to the reality on the ground. The warring factions in Syria today bear brutal testimony to the diplomats' failure nearly a century ago.
Fromkin points out that European politicians assumed the secular state model of Europe could be imposed on a region whose roots went deep into history on the belief of sacred law. The Quran, the sacred book of Islam, gives birth to Sharia law. Radical Islamists believe modern democratic states have no legitimacy. This is of course particularly true with the state of Israel, the Jewish inhabitants of which they wish to drive into the sea. But the Islamists are also opposed to secular Muslim states headed by secular rulers, which is why they have often tried to overthrow moderate Muslim governments.
At stake, writes Fromkin, is "the question of whether the transplanted modern system of politics invented in Europe -- characterized, among other things, by the division of the earth into independent secular states based on national citizenship -- will survive in the foreign soil of the Middle East" (pp. 563-564).
Modern secular government has not put down roots in most nations of the Middle East. Western-style democracy is merely a surface structure masking deep ethnic divisions. Modern democratic forms of government are alien to large portions of the Muslim population. Democracy cannot be imposed by armed force. It must start in the hearts and minds of the people and prevail after long periods of testing, debate and discussion.
In more recent times, the modern Middle East created by the events of the Long European War has been convulsing since the Arab Spring of 2011. Not only have governments been toppled amid civil uprising and war, but millions of refugees have spread north and west into Europe. The massive human migrations have disrupted Europe in a surprising if not ironic reversal. European diplomats created a hodgepodge of unsustainable nations in the Middle East almost a century ago; now many people from these nations are within Europe's borders creating massive disruption there.
The truth is, European leaders of the World War I era failed to understand the power of Islam over the hearts and minds of people. A case can be made that today's leaders still don't understand the power of religion in general, not just Islam, as a force in history and among people. Secular policies and humanistic thinking have never replaced the power of religion to offer meaning and hope to people.
Just as the dream of Alexander the Great of a Hellenized world (that is, one permeated with Greek culture) was eventually absorbed into the earlier traditions and ideologies of local regions such as those of Babylon and Egypt, so too will any plans to plant a radically different culture throughout the Middle East. Bible prophecy shows us that politics in the Middle East and the world are shaped by powerful spiritual forces little understood or recognized by the human mind (Revelation 16:13-14).
World War I created seismic shifts in the Middle East that still reverberate today. Fromkin concludes his insightful book in stating that the questions opened up in redrawing the map of the region after the war "are even now being contested by force of arms, year after year, in the ruined streets of Beirut, along the banks of the slow-moving Tigris-Euphrates, and by the waters of the Biblical Jordan" (p. 565).
The devastating human carnage of World War I that killed off millions of young men in the prime of life deepened an already existing crisis in religious faith. Centuries of Enlightenment thinking had already eroded the hold religion held over people.
The expansion of scientific and technical knowledge had placed man at the center of moral thought, removing the need for and reliance on God. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution cast doubt on the Bible's account of man being a unique creation from the hand of a Creator. Karl Marx's ideas of socialism, coupled with Sigmund Freud's studies on psychoanalysis, altered the way people related to each other and further pushed God and biblical values out of the picture.
The Great War or World War I accelerated existing trends toward atheism, nihilism and the denial of God. This was not a new human phenomenon. In his first-century letter to the church at Rome, the apostle Paul described the world of his day as one that had cast God out on the street. Even then people could see the clear proof of God's existence through the natural world, but they refused to recognize it or bow in humble thanksgiving and submission to Him.
World War I created seismic shifts in the Middle East that still reverberate today. Leaders of the era, like today, failed to understand the power of religion over the hearts and minds of people.
God allowed man to wallow in his own moral filth, believing lies as truth and reaping the fruit of their rejection of Him as Creator. Paul's conclusion: "And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a debased mind, to do those things which are not fitting" (Romans 1:28, emphasis added throughout unless otherwise noted).
The war changed the way people looked at the world and at themselves. Before it began in August 1914, the world was full of hope and possibilities, a truly golden period of globalization in which goods and services, ideas and culture were shared and traded far and wide. But afterward hope was drained, and the effect of lost times and a lost generation reoriented everything.
In A World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914 to 1918, G.J. Meyer illustrates this through the change in poetry after the war. In the prewar world poetry still mattered to people. Both the good and bad, it popularly expressed people's inner thoughts and perceptions. Newspapers then received hundreds of poems each day.
As the nations took up arms and men went off to war, the poetry of the time expressed lofty thoughts of patriotism and glory. But soon the death, the mud of the trenches, the poisonous gassing and the simple horror of a new kind of warfare became widely known, and the mood changed. As Meyer says, the "literature came to a stop, appeared to be dead for a while, and then started up again on an entirely new plane" (2006, p. 544).
This is illustrated by two poems. One by Rupert Brooke written in 1914 speaks grandly of death for one's country as noble:
If I should die, think only this of me:
That there's some corner of a foreign field
That is forever England.
A few months after writing this, Brooke died on a hospital ship from a mosquito bite that had become infected. He was 27 years old.
Contrast this with a poem written later in the war by Wilfred Owen. Describing the look of a dying soldier flung onto a wagon he writes:
If in some smothering dreams you too could pace> Behind the wagon that we flung him in,> And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,> His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin,> If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood> Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs ...> My friend, you would not tell with such high zest> To children ardent for some desperate glory,The old lie: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori > ["Sweet and fitting it is to die for one's country"].
Owen's poems were a major voice then and now for critics of war. Meyer concludes: "The war really did change everything: not just borders, not just governments and the fate of nations, but the way people have seen the world and themselves ever since. It became a kind of hole in time, leaving the postwar world permanently disconnected from everything that had come before" (p. 544, emphasis in original).
"In Flanders Fields," which I quoted from earlier, should not be read as a glorification of war but as a sober wakeup call to the insanity of war. We have yet to fully grasp the far-reaching impact this world conflagration ignited. The demons of war were unleashed, bottled up for a time only to be let loose again in what is known as World War II, lasting from 1939 to 1945. The seeds of every major conflict since can be found in what began in 1914.
Yet we need to understand what was going on here on a deeper level -- in fact, on a spiritual level.
Psalms 2:1-3 asks: "Why do the nations rage, and the people plot a vain thing? The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the Lord and against His Anointed, saying, 'Let us break Their bonds in pieces and cast away Their cords from us.'"
Here is a summation of history. Kingdoms, nations and peoples have made plans apart from God and His purpose. The wars and subsequent suffering are the fruit of a spirit of hostility and anger against God, against the idea of a Supreme Being who claims a moral certainty in all He does and all He has revealed to the world.
The nations rage and set themselves in battle against each other. Humanity has been enslaved by long annals of wars. Jesus Christ warned that increasing "wars and rumors of wars" would be a sign of the times leading to His second coming. And yes, there is coming another period of world war that will dwarf anything we've seen previously. It will be so deadly, so devastating, that if not for God's direct intervention, human extinction would be the result (Matthew 24:21-22).
Years ago I heard a story, whether apocryphal or not I don't know, about a Himalayan monk who lamented the loss of his gods. "They all went to Europe in 1914 and have not returned," he told a traveler.
While reviewing accounts of the beginning of this terrible war, I am struck again at how avoidable it all appears to have been. Leaders and nations watched while an aggressive Germany armed itself and grew ever more belligerent. In the fateful summer before hostilities broke out, there were frantic efforts to stay the dogs of war, but these proved futile. One reads the accounts and has to wonder why no one could summon the moral and spiritual qualities to halt the frenzy. Was something else at work -- something unseen to the human eye?
Revelation 16, which concerns a yet-future conflict, provides the answer. At a coming time of world turmoil, the prophesied crisis at the close of this age (see Daniel 12:1), a gathering of armies is summoned by spirits from the realm of evil. Notice: "Then the sixth angel poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates, and its water was dried up, so that the way of the kings from the east might be prepared. And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs coming out of the mouth of the dragon [Satan], out of the mouth of the beast [a powerful dictator], and out of the mouth of the false prophet [a great religious leader falsely claiming to represent God]" (Revelation 16:12-13).
Throughout history certain leaders have not spoken their own words or acted out their own plans, but have been agents of demons, carrying out the designs of the god of this age, Satan the devil (2 Corinthians 4:4). History books fail to discern this. No theory of geopolitics considers this revealed truth. But without this dimension of understanding it is impossible to really discern the past, present and especially the future.
When we look at the Long European War are we really seeing a larger spiritual war behind the scenes? Are we not looking at the impact of an unseen spirit world acting on human nature and turning the hearts of man against his fellow man? We are. Without this understanding, mankind remains ignorant of the underlying foundation of this world and how it really works. Understanding of not only the past legacy of war, but also of what lies ahead, is found in this truth of the Bible.
Notice more from this end-time prophecy of the book of Revelation: "For they are spirits of demons, performing signs, which go out to the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty ... And they gathered them together to the place called in Hebrew, Armageddon [that is, Megiddo in northern Israel]" (Revelation 16:14-16).
The saddest legacy of man's history of war is that more war lies in the future. Nations have not understood the fundamental change of the human spirit required to quench the flames of anger, suspicion and hatred that erupt into conflict and bloodshed.
What we have just read is a prophecy of the final battle when the kings and rulers of the earth set themselves against God. The ending of this battle will indeed be "the war to end all wars." God "shall break them with a rod of iron" and "dash them to pieces like a potter's vessel" (Psalms 2:9).
Understanding of the causes of our past legacy of war, and also of what lies ahead for humanity, is found in the truth of the Bible.
As I write this, U.S. President Donald Trump has spent two days in Brussels during this year's NATO summit. He made headlines by his insistence that NATO member states live up to their agreement to spend 2 percent of their gross domestic product on military preparedness. His point was that it is not fair for the United States to be spending the largest proportion of money both by percentage and dollars to the defense of Europe while prosperous countries like Germany spend far less than their agreed-on share as they run up huge trade surpluses with America.
While his point is certainly valid, watching this I had to wonder whether the president or any of his advisors understand European history. Calling for Europe to increase its arms spending is a recipe for another conflict. History teaches that nations that build vast armaments eventually will use those weapons in a war. Again, the principle of "unintended consequences" is at work. And yes, Europe will rearm and play a dominant role in a final worldwide conflagration that will threaten to annihilate all life on earth.
Revelation 13 gives us more background on the "Beast" and "False Prophet" that are led by demonic spirits to a climactic battle at Jesus Christ's return.
The term "Beast" in this chapter initially refers to an end-time geopolitical superpower which, among other things, has the devil as the unseen force behind it (Revelation 13:4), leads people to worship Satan the devil (verse 4), is diametrically opposed to God (verses 5-6), persecutes and overcomes God's faithful people (Revelation 13:7) and wields power over much of the earth (Revelation 13:7).
The "Beast" also refers to a specific individual, the political dictator over the Beast empire.
This chapter also refers to "another beast" with the appearance of a lamb though speaking like Satan the dragon (Revelation 13:11), which performs miraculous signs that deceive much of the world and lead them into allegiance to the Beast (verses 12-14), using the power of this state to persecute and kill those who refuse to go along (Revelation 13:15-17). This refers to a false religion and its leader.
This individual is also presented as the miracle-working False Prophet (Revelation 19:20), allied with the political dictator, who uses the authority of a great worldwide religion to advance their mutual interests (symbolized by an immoral, fallen woman riding a beast in Revelation 17:1-6). Together they lead an alliance of 10 "kings" or rulers of nations or groups of nations that together form this coming end-time superpower (Revelation 13:12-13).
Putting these prophetic pieces together, what we are seeing is the next phase of a millennia-old European dream of uniting the nations of Europe under a common government with the common goal of ruling the world -- just as we saw in World Wars I and II.
And these efforts will indeed lead to another world war -- one unlike anything witnessed in all of human history!
Understand that it is not just military devastation that will plague the world at this time ahead of us. Chapters 6, 8 and 9 of the book of Revelation describe events that will take the lives of literally billions of people through warfare (Revelation 6:4; Revelation 9:1-18), famine (Revelation 6:5-6), disease (Revelation 6:8) and horrifying natural disasters (Revelation 8:7-13).
As the military powers of the world gather in the Middle East and the fate of the human race hangs in the balance, rescue for the world will come from an unexpected source! Yet that source will not at first be welcome.
Revelation 19:11-21 describes what will happen then: "Now I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse. And He who sat on him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness He judges and makes war. His eyes were like a flame of fire, and on His head were many crowns. He had a name written that no one knew except Himself. He was clothed with a robe dipped in blood, and His name is called The Word of God."
This is none other than the returning Jesus Christ! But now he comes to earth not to offer His life as a sacrifice for the sins of mankind, but as conquering King who will put an end to all human rebellion against God!
As the militaries of the world gather in the Middle East and the fate of humanity hangs in the balance, rescue will come from an unexpected source!
"And the armies in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, followed Him on white horses. Now out of His mouth goes a sharp sword, that with it He should strike the nations. And He Himself will rule them with a rod of iron. He Himself treads the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. And He has on His robe and on His thigh a name written: King of kings and Lord of lords.
"Then I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the birds that fly in the midst of heaven, 'Come and gather together for the supper of the great God, that you may eat the flesh of kings, the flesh of captains, the flesh of mighty men, the flesh of horses and of those who sit on them, and the flesh of all people, free and slave, both small and great.'
"And I saw the beast, the kings of the earth, and their armies, gathered together to make war against Him who sat on the horse and against His army. Then the beast was captured, and with him the false prophet who worked signs in his presence, by which he deceived those who received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image. These two were cast alive into the lake of fire burning with brimstone. And the rest were killed with the sword which proceeded from the mouth of Him who sat on the horse. And all the birds were filled with their flesh."
With the last great human armies wiped out here and in a subsequent battle that will follow not long after, as described in Ezekiel 38-39, peace will at last begin to settle over the entire earth. A magnificent prophecy from Isaiah 2:3-4 describes how peoples from all over the world will begin to learn and practice God's way of peace. Jerusalem, long the center of conflict, will be the center of God's truth and way of life:
"Many people shall come and say, 'Come, and let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob; He will teach us His ways, and we shall walk in His paths.' For out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem. He shall judge between the nations, and rebuke many people; they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore."
Sadly, World War I was not the war to end all wars. Neither was the Second World War a generation later. The world will see more Flanders Fields before it sees the end of war.
If we were to rewrite the lines of the poem "In Flanders Fields," we might have the dead say to the living: "Stop the quarrel with the foe. Lay down your arms. Beat your spears into pruning hooks and your swords into plowshares. Instead of learning war, learn the way to peace!" The words of the prophet Isaiah would be a better epitaph for the dead from any war of the past.
I often wonder if my father looked at the poem he quoted from the perspective of peace rather than fighting. An uncle of mine once told me, several years after my father died, that when the Korean War broke out in 1950 the U.S. Army was looking to draft veterans from World War II. My uncle and my dad were talking about the prospect of their being called up to serve.
"They'd better bring three men to get me," my dad said, "because I'm not going back." He had seen enough of war, watched enough men die and saw enough bodies buried. He wanted no more.
Now, 100 years after the end of the so-called war to end all wars, we wait for the day when peace is learned -- not war. Can you imagine it? How comforting is the truth that this will really happen -- and that God tells us how it will come about!
©1995-2022 United Church of God, an International AssociationRelated Information:
Table of Contents that includes ""The War to End All Wars""
Other Articles by Darris McNeely
Origin of article ""The War to End All Wars""
Keywords: world war 1 middle east atheism humanism
Humanism: